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NEW QUESTION # 11
Spark is written in:
- A. C++
- B. Python
- C. Scala
- D. C
- E. Java
Answer: C
Explanation:
Apache Spark is an open-source distributed computing framework widely used for big data processing and machine learning pipelines.
The core implementation of Spark is written in Scala (Option A), which runs on the JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
Spark also provides APIs for Java, Python (PySpark), R, and SQL, but its native language is Scala.
Options C (C) and D (C++) are incorrect; Spark is not written in these languages.
Python (Option E) is a supported API, but Spark itself is not written in Python.
Thus, the correct answer is Scala (Option A).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Programming Tools for Big Data & Distributed Computing.
NEW QUESTION # 12
Bernoulli random variable is a type of:
- A. Discrete random variable
- B. Sometimes Discrete or sometimes Continuous random variable
- C. Both A and B
- D. Continuous random variable
Answer: A
Explanation:
A Bernoulli random variable is the simplest form of discrete random variable.
It can take only two values:
1 with probability p (success).
0 with probability (1 - p) (failure).
Since the outcomes are finite (binary), it is a discrete random variable.
Option B (Continuous): Incorrect, as continuous variables take values from an interval (e.g., real numbers).
Option C and D: Incorrect, as Bernoulli is always discrete, never continuous.
Thus, the correct answer is Option A (Discrete random variable).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Probability & Statistics for Data Science: Random Variables and Bernoulli Distribution.
NEW QUESTION # 13
Data wrangling is the process of getting the data from:
- A. None of the above
- B. Its modified meaning format into something suitable for more conventional analytics
- C. Both A and B
- D. Its raw format into something suitable for more conventional analytics
Answer: D
Explanation:
Data wrangling (also called data munging) refers to transforming raw, messy, or unstructured data into a clean and structured format suitable for analysis.
Option A: Correct. Raw data often contains missing values, duplicates, or irregular formats. Wrangling prepares it for conventional analytics and machine learning.
Option B: Incorrect. Wrangling does not involve "modified meaning"; it focuses on cleaning, structuring, and integrating.
Option C: Incorrect, since only A is correct.
Option D: Incorrect, because wrangling is explicitly described in A.
Thus, the correct answer is Option A.
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Engineering Practices: Data Wrangling & Preprocessing.
NEW QUESTION # 14
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is a way to frame:
- A. Large class of problems in Data Science
- B. Small class of problems in Data Science
- C. Large class of problems in HDFS
- D. Both A and C
- E. Small class of problems in HDFS
Answer: A
Explanation:
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is a statistical method used to estimate the parameters of a model by maximizing the likelihood function - i.e., finding the parameters that make the observed data most probable.
Option A: Correct. MLE provides a framework for a large class of problems in data science, including regression, classification, generative models, and probabilistic inference.
Option B: Incorrect - it applies to many problems, not just a small subset.
Option C & D: Incorrect. HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) is a storage technology, unrelated to MLE.
Option E: Incorrect because C is invalid.
Thus, the correct answer is Option A (Large class of problems in Data Science).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Statistical Foundations: Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference in Data Science.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Which of the following is a trend analysis component of time series decomposition?
- A. All of the above
- B. Cyclical
- C. Irregular
- D. Seasonal
- E. Both A and B
Answer: A
Explanation:
Time series decomposition breaks down data into components to better understand underlying patterns and support forecasting. The main components are:
Trend: Long-term progression (upward or downward).
Seasonal: Repeating short-term patterns (e.g., monthly or quarterly).
Cyclical (Option A): Medium- to long-term cycles (e.g., business cycles).
Irregular/Residual (Option C): Random, unpredictable variations.
Since trend analysis involves examining cyclical, seasonal, and irregular components, the correct answer is Option E (All of the above).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Analytics: Time Series Decomposition and Trend Analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which of the following is TRUE for data lake?
- A. None of the above
- B. The data lake can make both of the Business Intelligence and Data Science environments less agile and more productive
- C. The data lake can make both of the Business Intelligence and Data Science environments more agile and more productive
- D. The data lake enables organizations to gather, manage, enrich, and analyze many new sources of data, whether structured or unstructured
- E. The data lake enables organizations to treat data as an organizational asset to be gathered and nurtured versus a cost to be minimized
Answer: C,D,E
Explanation:
But per MCQ single-choice format # answer: A (though ideally A, B, C are correct).
A data lake is a centralized repository designed to store raw, structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data at scale. It provides:
Agility and productivity (Option A): Data lakes support flexible ingestion and faster access, making BI and data science environments more efficient.
Data integration (Option B): They handle multiple types of data, enabling advanced analytics and machine learning use cases.
Data as an asset (Option C): They shift perspective, treating data as a strategic resource, not just a storage cost.
Option D: Incorrect. Data lakes improve agility, not reduce it.
Option E: Incorrect, since multiple true statements exist.
Thus, the correct choice per DASCA context is Option A (with B and C also being true).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Engineering: Data Lakes vs Warehouses.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following is a "thinking like a data scientist" decomposition process?
- A. Business Stakeholder
- B. All of the above
- C. Both B and C
- D. Strategic Nouns
- E. Business Initiative
Answer: B
Explanation:
The "Thinking Like a Data Scientist" (TLADS) decomposition process is a structured approach to align data science projects with business goals. It breaks complex business problems into smaller, analyzable parts:
Business Initiative (Option A): Defines the overarching organizational challenge or objective (e.g., reduce churn, increase revenue).
Business Stakeholder (Option B): Identifies decision-makers and end users whose requirements shape the use cases.
Strategic Nouns (Option C): Focuses on the entities (e.g., customer, product, supplier) that generate and consume data, serving as anchors for analytics design.
Since all three are valid elements of the TLADS decomposition, the correct answer is Option E (All of the above).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Science Fundamentals: Thinking Like a Data Scientist Process.
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the agenda of discussion at a "stand up" meeting of an Agile team?
- A. What they accomplished the previous day
- B. Any roadblocks they are running into
- C. All of the above
- D. Both A and B
- E. What they are planning to do today
Answer: C
Explanation:
A daily stand-up meeting (also called a daily Scrum) is a short meeting (usually 15 minutes) that Agile teams hold to synchronize progress. Its agenda is structured around three key questions:
What was accomplished yesterday? (Progress review).
What is planned for today? (Work alignment).
What impediments or roadblocks exist? (Barriers identification).
This process enhances transparency, communication, and accountability, ensuring the team can quickly address obstacles and stay aligned with sprint goals.
Option A: Correct - yesterday's work is discussed.
Option B: Correct - today's planned tasks are outlined.
Option C: Correct - roadblocks are highlighted.
Option D: Incomplete since it misses C.
Option E: Correct - covers all agenda items.
Thus, the correct answer is Option E (All of the above).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Agile Practices in Data Science Projects.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following can be classified as factor analysis in machine learning?
- A. Exploratory factor analysis
- B. None of the above
- C. Both A and B
- D. Confirmatory factor analysis
Answer: C
Explanation:
Factor analysis is a dimensionality reduction technique used to uncover latent variables (factors) that explain observed patterns of correlations in data. It is widely used in psychometrics, social sciences, and machine learning.
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA, Option A): Used when the underlying factor structure is unknown, aiming to discover potential latent variables.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA, Option B): Used when there is a hypothesis about factor structure, and the goal is to confirm it statistically.
Both are valid approaches to factor analysis, hence the correct answer is Option C (Both A and B).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Dimensionality Reduction & Factor Analysis in Machine Learning.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following is correct?
- A. All of the above
- B. DataFrame is similar to SQL tables or R data frames
- C. A data frame is a table with rows and columns
- D. Both A and B
- E. The central object in Pandas is called a DataFrame
Answer: A
Explanation:
Pandas is one of the most widely used Python libraries for data analysis and manipulation. Its central object is the DataFrame.
Option A: Correct. DataFrame is the core data structure in Pandas.
Option B: Correct. DataFrame resembles SQL tables and R data frames, supporting row/column indexing, joins, and grouping.
Option C: Correct. A DataFrame is essentially a 2D labeled table consisting of rows and columns.
Option D: Correct, but not fully inclusive.
Option E: Correct, since all of A, B, and C are true.
Thus, the best answer is Option E (All of the above).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Programming for Data Science: Pandas Data Structures.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Business Intelligence (BI) is:
- A. BI focuses on "What happened?"
- B. Both B and C
- C. Both A and B
- D. BI focuses on descriptive analytics
- E. BI focuses on reporting on the future state of the business
Answer: C
Explanation:
Business Intelligence (BI) is primarily focused on descriptive analytics and reporting - understanding historical and current business performance.
Option A (Descriptive analytics): Correct. BI uses dashboards, reports, and OLAP tools to summarize what has occurred in the past.
Option B ("What happened?"): Correct. BI answers retrospective questions by analyzing transactional and operational data.
Option C (Future state): Incorrect. Predicting future business outcomes falls under predictive analytics or advanced analytics, not BI.
Thus, the correct answer is Option D (Both A and B).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Visualization & BI: Descriptive Analytics and Reporting.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Self-driving car is an example of:
- A. Reinforcement learning
- B. All of the above
- C. Supervised learning
- D. Unsupervised learning
Answer: A
Explanation:
Self-driving cars (autonomous vehicles) are an application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in machine learning:
In RL, an agent (car) interacts with an environment (roads, obstacles, traffic) and learns to maximize rewards (e.g., safe driving, efficient navigation).
The system improves performance through trial-and-error learning, guided by reward signals such as staying in a lane or avoiding collisions.
Supervised learning (A): Used in some supporting tasks like image recognition (e.g., identifying stop signs), but not the core paradigm for self-driving.
Unsupervised learning (B): Useful for clustering sensor data, but again not the main paradigm.
Reinforcement learning (C): Correct, since self-driving fundamentally depends on RL decision-making.
Thus, the correct answer is Option C (Reinforcement Learning).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Machine Learning Paradigms: Reinforcement Learning and Autonomous Systems.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following is NOT an example of graphical model?
- A. Road maps
- B. Flow charts
- C. Computer networks
- D. Electrical circuits
- E. Geographical networks
Answer: B
Explanation:
Graphical models represent relationships between objects using nodes (entities) and edges (relationships).
Examples include:
Road maps (Option A): Nodes = intersections, Edges = roads.
Electrical circuits (Option B): Nodes = components, Edges = connections.
Computer networks (Option C): Nodes = devices, Edges = connections.
Geographical networks (Option D): Nodes = locations, Edges = transport or connectivity.
However:
Flow charts (Option E): These represent process flows, not structural networks of entities and relationships.
They are procedural diagrams, not graphical models in the statistical/graph-theory sense.
Thus, the correct answer is Option E (Flow charts).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Analytics: Graphical Models and Graph Analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Tar is an example of:
- A. None of the above
- B. CSV file format
- C. Text file format
- D. Archive file format
- E. ARV file format
Answer: D
Explanation:
TAR (Tape Archive) is a widely used archive file format in Unix/Linux environments. It is used to combine multiple files into a single archive file (with extension .tar).
Option A: Correct. TAR is specifically designed for archiving.
Option B (CSV): Incorrect. CSV (Comma-Separated Values) is a tabular text data format.
Option C (ARV): Incorrect - no such format.
Option D (Text): Incorrect. Though TAR may contain text files, the TAR format itself is not plain text but an archive format.
Option E: Incorrect since Option A is valid.
Thus, TAR is an Archive file format.
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Storage Formats in Data Science & Engineering.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which of the following can visualize variations in the base data, which can be used to identify outliers in the data for further investigation?
- A. None of the above
- B. Scatter Plot
- C. Trend Analysis
- D. Box Plots
- E. Histogram
Answer: D
Explanation:
Box plots (or Whisker plots) are statistical graphics that represent data distribution through:
Minimum, First Quartile (Q1), Median, Third Quartile (Q3), and Maximum.
Outliers are plotted as individual points beyond the whiskers.
This makes them particularly powerful for:
Identifying outliers in data.
Comparing distributions across categories.
Understanding variability in data.
Option A (Trend Analysis): Shows temporal patterns, not individual outliers.
Option C (Histogram): Shows frequency distribution but does not explicitly highlight outliers.
Option D (Scatter Plot): Shows relationships between variables but doesn't focus on statistical outliers in one distribution.
Thus, the correct answer is Option B (Box Plots).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Visualization Tools: Box Plots for Outlier Detection.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which of the following is NOT a correct situation to use Agile?
- A. None of the above
- B. When changes need to be implemented during the entire process
- C. When the final product isn't clearly defined
- D. When clients/stakeholders need to be able to change the scope
Answer: A
Explanation:
Agile methodology is widely adopted in data science projects because these projects often involve uncertain goals, exploratory analysis, and changing requirements. Agile thrives in environments where iteration, collaboration, and adaptability are necessary.
Option A: True for Agile. If the final product is unclear (common in data science), Agile works well because it allows incremental discovery and iterative prototyping.
Option B: True for Agile. Agile frameworks (Scrum, Kanban) emphasize flexibility, which means the scope can evolve as stakeholders learn more from data and models.
Option C: True for Agile. Agile welcomes continuous changes through iterative sprints and feedback loops.
This adaptability is crucial in machine learning model development where data insights often reshape project direction.
Since all three situations are valid for Agile, the correct answer to "Which is NOT correct?" is None of the above (Option D).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Business Applications of Data Science & Agile Methodologies in Data Projects.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following standardizes scores similar to a percentile rank but preserves equal interval properties of a Z-score?
- A. None of the above
- B. Medium Curve Equivalent (MCE)
- C. High Curve Equivalent (HCE)
- D. Trend analysis
- E. Normal Curve Equivalent (NCE)
Answer: E
Explanation:
Normal Curve Equivalent (NCE) scores are standardized scores designed to:
Range between 1 and 99.
Be comparable to percentile ranks but with the advantage of equal-interval properties like Z-scores.
This makes NCE scores useful in educational assessments, survey analysis, and statistical modeling.
Option A (Trend analysis): Incorrect. Not related to score standardization.
Option B (Correct): NCE fits the definition perfectly.
Option C (HCE) & D (MCE): Not recognized standard measures in statistics.
Option E: Incorrect, since Option B is valid.
Thus, the correct answer is Option B: Normal Curve Equivalent (NCE).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Statistical Methods in Data Science: Z-scores, Percentiles, and NCE.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following is correct?
i. LaTeX is used to publish work in a scientific journal
ii. LaTeX is a markup language that can be compiled into formatted documents iii. LaTeX is for publishing scientific papers
- A. i, ii, iii
- B. ii, iii
- C. i, iii
- D. i, ii
Answer: A
Explanation:
LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system widely used in academia, particularly in scientific publishing.
Statement i: Correct. LaTeX is widely used to prepare manuscripts for scientific journals, theses, and technical reports.
Statement ii: Correct. LaTeX is a markup language (similar to HTML in concept) that compiles into formatted PDFs/documents.
Statement iii: Correct. LaTeX is a standard for publishing scientific papers due to its ability to handle complex mathematical equations, references, and formatting.
Thus, all three statements are true # Option B (i, ii, iii).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Programming Tools for Data Science: LaTeX for Scientific Documentation.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following is NOT a process of Use Case?
- A. Brainstorm the questions that the key stakeholders need to answer to facilitate making the decisions
- B. Understand your organization's key business initiatives or business challenge
- C. Brainstorm the outcomes that the key stakeholders need to answer to facilitate making the decisions
- D. Capture the decisions that the key business stakeholders need to make in order to support the organization's key business initiatives
- E. Identify your key business stakeholders
Answer: C
Explanation:
Use Case Development in data science projects involves identifying business needs and mapping analytics to business decisions. The standard steps include:
Option A: Understanding the key initiatives or challenges.
Option B: Identifying the key stakeholders.
Option C: Capturing the decisions stakeholders must make.
Option E: Brainstorming the questions stakeholders need answered to support decisions.
However:
Option D (Brainstorm the outcomes stakeholders need to answer): Incorrect phrasing. It is not "outcomes" that are brainstormed but questions and decisions.
Thus, the correct answer is Option D.
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Business Use Case Development Process.
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following is NOT a cluster management tool?
- A. Apache Ambari
- B. Apache Mesos
- C. Apache Hadoop
- D. Zettaset Orchestrator
Answer: C
Explanation:
Cluster management tools help in orchestrating and monitoring large-scale distributed computing environments.
Zettaset Orchestrator (A): Commercial tool for Hadoop cluster management.
Apache Mesos (B): A cluster manager that abstracts CPU, memory, and storage to enable fault-tolerant distributed systems.
Apache Ambari (C): An open-source tool for provisioning, managing, and monitoring Hadoop clusters.
Apache Hadoop (D): Not a cluster management tool. Hadoop is a framework for distributed storage and processing (HDFS + MapReduce), not a management tool.
Thus, the correct answer is Option D (Apache Hadoop).
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Big Data Ecosystem: Hadoop Tools & Cluster Management.
NEW QUESTION # 31
Image files can be broken down into two broad categories:
i. Rasterized
ii. Vectorized
iii. Sectorized
- A. None of the above
- B. ii, iii
- C. i, iii
- D. i, ii
Answer: D
Explanation:
Images are broadly categorized based on how they store visual information:
Rasterized images (Option i):
Composed of a grid of pixels (bitmap).
Each pixel has color information.
Examples: JPEG, PNG, BMP.
Best for photos or complex visuals.
Vectorized images (Option ii):
Composed of paths defined by mathematical formulas.
Scalable without quality loss.
Examples: SVG, EPS, AI.
Best for logos, icons, and illustrations.
Sectorized images (Option iii):
Not a standard category in computer graphics.
Thus, image files are categorized into Rasterized and Vectorized, making Option A (i, ii) correct.
Reference:
DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Data Types & Multimedia Data Management.
NEW QUESTION # 32
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