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| Topic | Details |
|---|
Hardware and System Configuration - 21% |
| Explain Linux boot process concepts. | 1.Boot loaders 2.Boot options - UEFI/EFI
- PXE
- NFS
- Boot from ISO
- Boot from HTTP/FTP
2.File locations - /etc/default/grub
- /etc/grub2.cfg
- /boot
- /boot/grub
- /boot/grub2
- /boot/ef
3.Boot modules and files - Commands
mkinitrd dracut grub2-install grub2-mkconfig - initramfs
- efi files
- vmlinuz
- vmlinux
4.Kernel panic |
| Given a scenario, install, configure, and monitor kernel modules. | 1.Commands- lsmod
- insmod
- modprobe
- modinfo
- dmesg
- rmmod
- depmod
2.Locations - /usr/lib/modules/[kernelversion]
- /usr/lib/modules
- /etc/modprobe.conf
- /etc/modprobe.d/
|
| Given a scenario, configure and verify network connection parameters. | 1.Diagnostic tools- ping
- netstat
- nslookup
- dig
- host
- route
- ip
- ethtool
- ss
- iwconfig
- nmcli
- brctl
- nmtui
2.Configuration files - /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
- /etc/sysconfig/network
- /etc/hosts
- /etc/network
- /etc/nsswitch.conf
- /etc/resolv.conf
- /etc/netplan
- /etc/sysctl.conf
- /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf
3.Bonding - Aggregation
- Active/passive
- Load balancing
|
| Given a scenario, manage storage in a Linux environment. | 1.Basic partitions 2.File system hierarchy - Real file systems
- Virtual file systems
- Relative paths
- Absolute paths
3.Device mapper 4.Tools - XFS tools
- LVM tools
- EXT tools
- Commands
mdadm fdisk parted mkfs iostat df du mount umount lsblk blkid dumpe2fs resize2fs fsck tune2fs e2label
5.Location - /etc/fstab
- /etc/crypttab
- /dev/
- /dev/mapper
- /dev/disk/by-
id uuid path multipath - /etc/mtab
- /sys/block
- /proc/partitions
- /proc/mounts
6.File system types - ext3
- ext4
- xfs
- nfs
- smb
- cifs
- ntfs
|
| Compare and contrast cloud and virtualization concepts and technologies. | 1.Templates- VM
- OVA
- OVF
- JSON
- YAML
- Container images
2.Bootstrapping - Cloud-init
- Anaconda
- Kickstart
3.Storage - Thin vs. thick provisioning
- Persistent volumes
- Blob
- Block
4.Network considerations - Bridging
- Overlay networks
- NAT
- Local
- Dual-homed
5.Types of hypervisors 6.Tools |
| Given a scenario, configure localization options. | 1.File locations- /etc/timezone
- /usr/share/zoneinfo
2.Commands - localectl
- timedatectl
- date
- hwclock
3.Environment variables 4.Character sets |
Systems Operation and Maintenance - 26% |
| Given a scenario, conduct software installations, configurations, updates, and removals. | 1.Package types 2.Installation tools 3.Build tools - Commands
make make install ldd - Compilers
- Shared libraries
4.Repositories - Configuration
- Creation
- Syncing
- Locations
5.Acquisition commands |
| Given a scenario, manage users and groups. | 1.Creation 2.Modification - usermod
- groupmod
- passwd
- chage
3.Deletion 4.Queries 5.Quotas 6.Profiles - Bash parameters
User entries - .bashrc - .bash_profile - .profile - Global entries
/etc/bashrc /etc/profile.d/ /etc/skel /etc/profile
7.Important files and file contents - /etc/passwd
- /etc/group
- /etc/shadow
|
| Given a scenario, create, modify, and redirect files. | 1.Text editors 2.File readers 3.Output redirection - <
- >
- |
- <<
- >>
- 2>
- &>
- stdin
- stdout
- stderr
- /dev/null
- /dev/tty
- xargs
- tee
- Here documents
4.Text processing - grep
- tr
- echo
- sort
- awk
- sed
- cut
- printf
- egrep
- wc
- paste
5.File and directory operations - touch
- mv
- cp
- rm
- scp
- ls
- rsync
- mkdir
- rmdir
- ln
Symbolic (soft) Hard - unlink
- inodes
- find
- locate
- grep
- which
- whereis
- diff
- updatedb
|
| Given a scenario, manage services. | 1.Systemd management- Systemctl
Enabled Disabled Start Stop Mask Restart Status Daemon-reload - Systemd-analyze blame
- Unit files
Directory locations Environment parameters - Targets
- Hostnamectl
- Automount
2.SysVinit - chkconfig
on off level - Runlevels
Definitions of 0–6 /etc/init.d /etc/rc.d /etc/rc.local /etc/inittab Commands -runlevel -telinit - Service
Restart Status Stop Start Reload
|
| Summarize and explain server roles. | 1.NTP 2.SSH 3.Web 4.Certificate authority 5.Name server 6.DHCP 7.File servers 8.Authentication server 9.Proxy 10.Logging 11.Containers 12.VPN 13.Monitoring 14.Database 15.Print server 16.Mail server 17.Load balancer 18.Clustering |
| Given a scenario, automate and schedule jobs. | 1.cron 2.at 3.crontab 4.fg 5.bg 6.& 7.kill 8.Ctrl+c 9.Ctrl+z 10.nohup |
| Explain the use and operation of Linux devices. | 1.Types of devices- Client devices
- Bluetooth
- WiFi
- USB
- Monitors
- GPIO
- Network adapters
- PCI
- HBA
- SATA
- SCSI
- Printers
- Video
- Audio
2.Monitoring and configuration tools - lsdev
- lsusb
- lspci
- lsblk
- dmesg
- lpr
- lpq
- abrt
- CUPS
- udevadm
add reload-rules control trigger
3.File locations - /proc
- /sys
- /dev
- /dev/mapper
- /etc/X11
4.Hot pluggable devices - /usr/lib/udev/rules.d (System rules - Lowest priority)
- /run/udev/rules.d (Volatile Rules)
- /etc/udev/rules.d (Local Administration - Highest priority)
- /etc/udev/rules.d
|
| Compare and contrast Linux graphical user interfaces. | 1.Servers 2.GUI - Gnome
- Unity
- Cinnamon
- MATE
- KDE
3.Remote desktop 4.Console redirection - SSH port forwarding
Local Remote X11 forwarding VNC
5.Accessibility |
Security - 19% |
| Given a scenario, apply or acquire the appropriate user and/or group permissions and ownership. | 1.File and directory permissions- Read, write, execute
- User, group, other
- SUID
- Octal notation
- umask
- Sticky bit
- SGID
- Inheritance
- Utilities
chmod chown chgrp getfacl setfacl ls ulimit chage
2.Context-based permissions - SELinux configurations
disabled permissive enforcing - SELinux policy
targeted - SELinux tools
setenforce getenforce sestatus setsebool getsebool chcon restorecon ls -Z ps -Z - AppArmor
aa-disable aa-complain aa-unconfined /etc/apparmor.d/ /etc/apparmor.d/tunables
3.Privilege escalation - su
- sudo
- wheel
- visudo
- sudoedit
4.User types |
| Given a scenario, configure and implement appropriate access and authentication methods. | 1.PAM- Password policies
- LDAP integration
- User lockouts
- Required, optional, or sufficient
- /etc/pam.d/
- pam_tally2
- faillock
2.SSH - ~/.ssh/
known_hosts authorized_keys config id_rsa id_rsa.pub - User-specific access
- TCP wrappers
- /etc/ssh/
ssh_config sshd_config - ssh-copy-id
- ssh-keygen
- ssh-add
3.TTYs 4.PTYs 5.PKI - Self-signed
- Private keys
- Public keys
- Hashing
- Digital signatures
- Message digest
6.VPN as a client - SSL/TLS
- Transport mode
- Tunnel mode
- IPSec
- DTLS
|
| Summarize security best practices in a Linux environment. | 1.Boot security- Boot loader password
- UEFI/BIOS password
2.Additional authentication methods - Multifactor authentication
Tokens -Hardware -Software OTP Biometrics - RADIUS
- TACACS+
- LDAP
- Kerberos
kinit klist
3.Importance of disabling root login via SSH 4.Password-less login 5.Chroot jail services 6. No shared IDs 7.Importance of denying hosts 8.Separation of OS data from application data - Disk partition to maximize system availability
9.Change default ports 10.Importance of disabling or uninstalling unused and unsecure services - FTP
- Telnet
- Finger
- Sendmail
- Postfix
11.Importance of enabling SSL/TLS 12.Importance of enabling auditd 13.CVE monitoring 14.Discouraging use of USB devices 15.Disk encryption 16.Restrict cron access 17.Disable Ctrl+Alt+Del 18.Add banner 19.MOTD |
| Given a scenario, implement logging services. | 1.Key file locations- /var/log/secure
- /var/log/messages
- /var/log/[application]
- /var/log/kern.log
2.Log management - Third-party agents
- logrotate
- /etc/rsyslog.conf
- journald
journalctl
3.lastb |
| Given a scenario, implement and configure Linux firewalls. | 1.Access control lists- Source
- Destination
- Ports
- Protocol
- Logging
- Stateful vs. stateless
- Accept
- Reject
- Drop
- Log
2.Technologies - firewalld
Zones Run time - iptables
Persistency Chains - ufw
/etc/default/ufw /etc/ufw/ - Netfilter
3.IP forwarding - /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
- /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
4.Dynamic rule sets 5.Common application firewall configurations - /etc/services
- Privileged ports
|
| Given a scenario, backup, restore, and compress files. | 1.Archive and restore utilities 2.Compression 3.Backup types - Incremental
- Full
- Snapshot clones
- Differential
- Image
4.Off-site/off-system storage 5.Integrity checks |
Linux Troubleshooting and Diagnostics - 20% |
| Given a scenario, analyze system properties and remediate accordingly. | 1.Network monitoring and configuration- Latency
Bandwidth Throughput - Routing
- Saturation
- Packet drop
- Timeouts
- Name resolution
- Localhost vs. Unix socket
- Adapters
RDMA drivers - Interface configurations
- Commands
nmap netstat iftop route iperf tcpdump ipset Wireshark - tshark netcat traceroute mtr arp nslookup dig host whois ping nmcli ip tracepath
2.Storage monitoring and configuration - iostat
- ioping
- IO scheduling
cfq noop deadline - du
- df
- LVM tools
- fsck
- partprobe
3.CPU monitoring and configuration - /proc/cpuinfo
- uptime
- loadaverage
- sar
- sysctl
4.Memory monitoring and configuration - swapon
- swapoff
- mkswap
- vmstat
- Out of memory killer
- free
- /proc/meminfo
- Buffer cache output
5.Lost root password |
| Given a scenario, analyze system processes in order to optimize performance. | 1.Process management- Process states
Zombie Uninterruptible sleep Interruptible sleep Running - Priorities
- Kill signals
- Commands
nice renice top time ps lsof pgrep pkill - PIDs
|
| Given a scenario, analyze and troubleshoot user issues. | 1.Permissions 2.Access 3.Authentication - Local
- External
- Policy violations
4.File creation - Quotas
- Storage
- Inode exhaustion
- Immutable files
5.Insufficient privileges for authorization 6.Environment and shell issues |
| Given a scenario, analyze and troubleshoot application and hardware issues. | 1.SELinux context violations 2.Storage- Degraded storage
- Missing devices
- Missing volumes
- Missing mount point
- Performance issues
- Resource exhaustion
- Adapters
SCSI RAID SATA HBA - /sys/class/scsi_host/host#/scan - Storage integrity
Bad blocks
3.Firewall - Restrictive ACLs
- Blocked ports
- Blocked protocols
4.Permission - Ownership
- Executables
- Inheritance
- Service accounts
- Group memberships
5.Dependencies - Patching
- Update issues
- Versioning
- Libraries
- Environment variables
- GCC compatibility
- Repositories
6.Troubleshooting additional hardware issues - Memory
- Printers
- Video
GPU drivers - Communications ports
- USB
- Keyboard mapping
- Hardware or softwarecompatibility issues
- Commands
dmidecode lshw
|
Automation and Scripting - 14% |
| Given a scenario, deploy and execute basic BASH scripts. | 1.Shell environments and shell variables- PATH
- Global
- Local
- export
- env
- set
- printenv
- echo
2.#!/bin/bash 3.Sourcing scripts 4.Directory and file permissions 5.Extensions 6.Commenting 7.File globbing 8.Shell expansions 8.Redirection and piping 9.Exit codes 10.Metacharacters 11.Positional parameters 12.Looping constructs 13.Conditional statements 14.Escaping characters |
| Given a scenario, carry out version control using Git. | 1.Arguments- clone
- push
- pull
- commit
- merge
- branch
- log
- init
- config
2.Files |
| Summarize orchestration processes and concepts. | 1.Agent 2.Agentless 3.Procedures 4.Attributes 5.Infrastructure automation 6.Infrastructure as code 7.Inventory 8.Automated configuration management 9.Build automation |